r « J IV' mi V t avf jiK. v^r- 



T-a-^wwnsTTsrT 



NOTES 



IN 



KNGINKERING 3 



HARVARD UNIVERSITY 



K. L. KENNEDY 

ASSISTANT PROFESSOR OF DRAWING AND MACHINE DESIGN 

A. E. NORTON 

INSTRUCTOR IN DRAWING 



a 



CANIBRIDGE, MASS. 

1904: 






Special acknowledgement is due Professor G. C. Anthony, whose Text Book, 
" Mechanical Drawing," has suggested several of the exercises and problems given 
in these notes. , ; 



lUBRR^v /.f rsowfi"? SSi 
Two ciwies Sereivea 
OCT 1 1901 
^Cooyrleht Ernry 

!cLrt»3 a XXc. No. 

COPY B 



Copyright, 1904 
F. L. Kennedy 



MEMORANDU M 



1. Directions in regard to the conduct of the course will be given 
at the lectures, and, when necessaiy, will be published in the Bulletin 
Board. Each student will be expected to note these directions, or, 
if absent from a lecture, to obtain them from some fellow-student. 
In any case he will be held responsible for all information given at 
the lectures or on the Bulletin Board. 

2. Special directions given by any of the instructors in regard to 
the work of the course will be held valid only when accompanied by 
a written statement on the sheets, or on suitable blanks. Oral 
instructions cannot be verified, and will, therefore, be given no 
consideration. 

3. Reporting at either early or final Roll Call explicitly implies 
the understanding that a student has been in continuous attendance 
from the opening of the period until the time of the Roll Call. Evei^ 
student should see that a date stamp is placed on his sheets for each 
day of attendance. 

4. Men who report at early Roll Call will be marked present, on 
condition that their current work is ready, in advance, and, further, 
that all previous series have been completed on time. The early 
Roll Call is offered as a privilege, and those who avail themselves of 
it must accept the entire responsibility of completiag tlieir work on 
time. No exception will be made to this rule. 



5. A student who has been signed off at the office can have his 
attendance record in this course corrected by bringing a memoran- 
dum suitably endorsed by the office. This memorandum, to be valid, 
however, must be presented not later than one week after the date of 
signing on. 

6. All work, to be accepted, must be handed in at tlie appointed 
times by the student personally, and not by proxy. 

7. A date set for overdue work will be considered final. No 
work presented after that date will be accepted, unless previous 
agreement in wilting has been made. 

8. Each student is strongly advised to place an identifying mark 
on all his materials, including drawing instruments. All instruments 
and materials are left in the lockers during the year at the student's 
own risk, and mu.it be removed from the lockers on or before the 
date set for the final examination. All articles not removed will be 
considered abandoned, and will be treated accordingly. 

9. Tests will be held from time to time during the year. The 
results of these tests will have a very considerable weight in judging 
the work of the course. No make-ups will be given, but, in special 
cases where a student is unable to be present at the time of a test, 
he may make arrangements to tike it in advance. Unsatisfactory 
work in the tests may serve as a ground for failure in the course, 
without regard to the quality of the drafting work. 



SHEET A 



General Instructions 

JVIettiod. of laying out Drawing Sheet — Use of jVTaterials 



2 



SHEET A — GEIS^ERAL INSTRUCTIONS 

METHOD OF LAYING OUT DRAWING SHEET — USE OF MATERIALS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Fold and cut sheet into 4 equal parts. 

The kind of paper used in this course is kno^Tii as " Duplex." 



II. Thumb tack one part to Drawing Board. (One thumb tack 
in each corner. ) 



III. Fig. 10. With T-square laid across corners draw sliort, light 
lines AB and CD, thus finding approximate centre of 
sheet. (Use 6 H Pencil.) 



IV. Fig. 11. With T-square draw EF {light) through centre. 
With Triangle draw GH. These are called "Centre 
Lines" of sheet. 



Fig. 12. Along Centre Lines lay off 9 inches and 6 inches, 
respectively, either side of centre. (Use Triangular Scale 
as shown.) With T-square and Triangle draw rectangle 
as shown. This is called " Cutting Line." 



VI. Fig. 13. Again, lay off 8 in. and 5 in. on Centre Lines 
and complete second rectangle. This is called the 
" Border Line." 



VII. Fig. 14. The result is a sheet as shown ; 18 in. by 12 in. 
{outside measurement) with 1 inch Border all round. This 
is called the "Layout of Sheet." 



B. 



NOTES 

Pencil.* 

(a) 6 H pencil sharpened, on Sand Paper pad, with chisel 
point. {Fig. 1.) 

Used always for La/ying out Sheet and Blocking out Drawings. 

{b) 3H pencil sharpened, on pad, with 9'OMnd point. {Fig. 2.) 
Used always for Strengthening Outlines and /or Lettering. 

(c) Compass pencil sharpened as in — {Fig. 3.) 

Use 6H for Blocking out; 2H for Strengthening. 

Use small Needle Point end in other leg of compasses. 

{Fig. 4.) 
Pen. 

(a) Have both nibs touching paper {Fig. 5), not {Fig. 6.) 

{b) Do not Jill pen too full. 

(c) Clean pen often with pen-wiper. 



C. T-Square. 

(a) Always use T-square at Left end of board. 

If left-handed, change to Right end. 
{b) Always draw along upper edge of T-square. 



{Fig. 7.) 



D. Triangles. 

(a) Always use triangles on top edge of T-square. 

Wherever possible draw with light coming from Direction (A) . 

{Fig. 7.) 

(6) To draw Parallel lines, slide triangle along Straight Edge 
(either T-square or another triangle). {Pig- 8.) 

(c) To draw Perpendicular to a given line, place triangle 
against a Straight Edge, as shown in full lines; then 
turn triangle to dotted position, slide along to required 
point and draw perpendicular CD. {Fig. 9.) 

* Whenever possible draw lines from Lieft to Right and from 
Bottom towards Top of sheet. 



Thus Not Thus 





— Line 
/ -Border- Line 



l_ L. /\ 



SHEBT 1 



Lettering 



SHEET 1 — LETTERING 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Lay out sheet as explained. (Page 2.) 

II. Place your number (in Mack ink) in the upper right hand 
margin of sheet. 

III. Draw all guide lines for letters, very light, spaced as shown 

and with 6 H pencil. (Sharpened. See Page 2-^1 -a.) 

IV. (a) Copy freehand the letters and figui'es indicated. Con- 

sult Sheet F, Page 80, for form of letters. 

(6) Use 2 H pencil. (Sharpened. See Page 2-^-&.) 

(c) Press lightly. 

(cZ) Make all letters Vertical as in copy. 

(e) Make letters round and full. 

(/) Do not croiod. 

V. Add Title. 

(a) Draw base line for title J inch below Border Line. 

(6) Begin title far enough to the left to end exactly under (A) . 

(c) To do this block out the title on a separate paper to 
determine length required. 



NOTES 

A. All statements enclosed in Rectangles are to be omitted from 
the drawing sheets. 
They are for direction only. 



C. 



The lettering used in this course is an adaptation of the 
''Bernhardt"* Gothic Alphabet. Make the small 
letters i inch high; the capitals &nd figures -^ inch high. 

This size will be called " Standard," and will be used for 
general lettermg throughout the course. 

In fractions make numerator and denominator figures each 
about f' standard size. 



The location and arrangement of title on Sheet 1 will be 
called the "Standard Title," and will be used on all 
sheets of this size. 

* See ^'Lettering" by Chas. W. Reinhardt. 



Getting Line 



Border Line 





TSfin this line rndke 3- 



Ji toQ 



rSSSr- R ro 2 




3ftt:t=:^h e erSiZri^ifefiTt Harva rd r"4T^ 



Sheet 



SHEKT 2 



Practice in Pencil Lines 



8 



SHEET 2 — PRACTICE IN PENCIL LINES 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Upper Left. Horizontal Lines. 

(a) Space oflf with scale along Vertical Centre Line of sheet. 
(&) Begin at Top and work down. (Use T-square.) 

II. Upper Right. Vertical Lines. 

(a) Space off along Horizontal Centre Line. 

(6) Begin at Left and work to Right. (Use T-square and 
Ti-iangle.) 

III. Loiver Left. Slanting Lines. 

(a) Use T-square and 45° Triangle. 

IV. Lower Right. Parallel Lines. 

( a ) Draw Parallelogram A B C D . 

(b) Outside draw lines parallel to AB. 

(c) Inside " " " " BC. 
(Use Method given on Page 2-D-h. ) 

V. Add Title and Number as in Sheet 1. 



NOTES 

Lines to be : — 

(a) Fine. 

(&) Uniform. 

(c) Accurately drawn. 

(Use 6 H pencil ; sharpened. See Page 2-^.) 



[NiD 




^heetZ. 



10 



SHEET 3 



Practice withi Instruments 



11 



SHEET 3 — PEACTICE ^VITH IltsTSTKUMENTS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Ex. 1. Given 2 Circles, 5 inch diam. and 4 inch diam., 
respectively. 

Circumscribe Hexagons. 

The larger with one flat side horizontal, the smaller with one flat side 
vertical. 

Use T-square and 60° Triangle only. 

II. Ex. 2. Given Circle 3^ in. diam. 

(a) Draw lines 15° apart as shown. Use T-square, 45° 

and 60° Triangles only. 

(b) On left half of Cii'cle draw Tangent at end of every other 

line by method of 2 Triangles. See Page 2-D-c. 

(c) On right half of Cii'cle draw Tangents at end of any 3 

lines by geometry. 

See note at bottom of Sheet 3. 

III. Ex. 3. Given Circle 3J i7i. diam. Lay off angles as shown. 

(Use Protractor.) 

Do not add arrows or figures. 

IV. Ex. 4. Given Line at angles of 37^° with Horizontal. (Use 

Protractor.) 

On this line as base draw a regular Hexagon., each side 
z= IJ inch. 



Y. Ex. 5. Given Cii'cle 3^ in. diam. Inscribe a regular Penta- 
gon. (See Page 5i-S.) 



VI. Ex. 6. Given Circle 4 in. diam. Inscribe small circles as 
shown. 

Use Bow Pencil on smaller circles. 



NOTES 

Lines and Circles to be : 

(a) Fine. 

{b) Uniform. 

(c) Accurately drawn. 

Use 6H Pencil and 6H lead in Compasses. 
(Sharpened. See Page 2-A-c.) 



Note 



odico'/ar- to Al 
Draw circle thro" p, ceri-t&r- s, = a>^y point. 
Dra vv cd thro' s. pd - perj " " 



("Angle c p d 



i r) serni-cincle '^ 90°) 



^heet 5 



r.i 



SHEET 4 



Practice witb. I nstr laments {continued) 

loking 



14 



SHEET 4 — PRACTICE WITH IKSTRUME:N^TS (continued) 

INKING 



PENCILLING 

I. Lines to be : (a) FINE. 

(b) UNIFORM. 

(c) ACCURATE. 
Lay out Sheet as shown. 

II. Ex. 1. Space lines \ in. apart. 

III. Ex. 2. Space points J in. horizontally and vertically. 

(Lines at 45°.) 

IV. Ex. 3. Space lines ^ in. apart. 

First draw diagonal; then draw lines in order, A, B, C, D, etc. 

v. Ex. 4. Space points ^ in. apart. 



VI. Ex. 5. Spiral. 

(a) Make ac = :| in. ; 



ab 



i "'• 



(6) With a as centre, draw all semicircles above horizontal 
line. With b as centre, all semicircles below. 

Use a and b alternately to develop Spiral. Continue as far 
as possible without conflict. 

VU. Ex. 6. Two f7}:»2^e?- Circles, 2 in. and 1 in. diam. respec- 
tively. Two lower, 3 in. and 2 in. Centi-es, 2 in. apart. 
Radii of tangent Arcs =i 1 in. and 2 in. respectively. 

VIII. Ex. 7. Space points ^ in. apart on horizontal line. Com- 
plete figure as shown. 

Use Bow Pencil for small circles. 

Draw all curves of one radius at one time. 



INKING 

A. (a) Sheet is to be completed first m pencil. 

(b) Do not begin to ink until sheet has been submitted for 
approval, and has received endorsement of one of the 
instructors. 



B. (a) Do not fill pen too full (see Page 2-B). 
(6) Clean pen often. 



C. (a) All lines to be Black and of Medium Width, except 
Border, which is to be Heavy and added last. 
(See note on blue print.) 

(6) In inking, proceed in same manner as with pencil. 

Begin at Left and work towards Right, and from Top work 
towards Bottom. 

(c) In Ex. 4 draw lines to point P, not away from it. 

Wait till each line dries before drawing the next. 

This to avoid blotting. 
(cZ) In Ex. 5, 6, and 7, omit consti'uction and Centre Lines, 
(e) In Lettering use drawing ink and wi-iting pen. 
(/) Do not ink Cutting Line. 



[n3 




Note : Jn inking nnahe Med'icym Lines <3fc>o«-/+ r/nus 

Heovj^ Lines abooi thu^: 



Sheet ^ 



l(i 



SHEET 5 



Practice in StraighLt Lines and Arcs 

Dimensioning and CrossbLatchiing 
Tracing 



17 



SHEET 5 - PRACTICE IN STRAIGHT LINES AND ARCS, ETC. 



TRACING 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Order of Pencilling. (Sheet -B-Page 18.) 

Stage 1. Block out all drawings on sheet. (6H pencil.) 
First Centre Lines, if any, then Ovilines. 

Stage 2. Develop drawings and Strengthen Outlines. 

(3H pencil.) 
(Straight Lines before Curves. See Sheet B-3.) 

Stage 3. Add Dimension Lines (very light) and 
Arrow Heads. (2H pencil.) 



II. 



Stage 4. Finish. 

(a) Dimension Figures. 

(b) Lettering. 

(c) Crosshatching, 

(d) Checking. 



(Sheet B-4 and 5.) 



(Sheet ^-2.) 



Order of Inking. 

Use Rough Side of Tracing Cloth. 
Rub with powdered chalk before inking. 

Stage 1. All the main outlives of all the drawings. 

(a) First all Curves.* 

(b) T7iew all Straight Lines. (Black Medium.) 

Stage 2. Dimension Lines (including " Extension " 
Lines) and Centre Lines (if any). (Red-Light.) 

Stage 3. ArrovT Heads, Figures, and Lettering. 

(Use Writing Pen.) (Black.) 

Draw light guide lines on tracing cloth in pencil before lettering. 

Stage 4. (a) Crosshatching. (Black-Light.) 

(6) Border. (Black-Heavy.) 

* This procedure gives best results in joining Curves and Straight 
Lines smoothly. 

The short curves shown on this sheet are often called "Fillets." 



NOTES 

A. (a) In both Pencilling and Inking it is best to carry out each 
Stage for the lohole sheet before beginning the next 
Stage. 

(&) The PencU sheet is to be approved before 
Tracing is begun. 



B. Dimensions. 

(a) For dimensions in Quarters, Eighths, Sixteenths, etc., 
use "Architect's" Scale. 
For dimensions in Decimals use " Engineer's " Scale. 

(6) Avoid taking dimensions with Compasses directly from 
Scale. 

This scratches scale and ruins compass points. Lay off distance 
on paper at required point and set compasses to this distance. 

(c) Smcdl Circles are placed around centres of arcs to assist 
in finding them when tracing. 

These circles can be omitted in inking and short cross lines 
substituted. 



Crosshatching. § 

(a) Cross/mfC/a'«(/ is used to indicate a "Cross Section" 
of an object drawn. 

(J)) It is usually drawn with the 45° Triangle. 
Other angles may, however, be used. 

(c) S2Mce lines about ^ in. apart by EYE ALONE. 

(d) Do not cross Figures or Arrows with hatching lines. 
{To avoid this the Crosshatching is usually added last.) 

§ When a drawing is to be traced the Crosshatching is often 
omitted in pencil, or is indicated very briefly by Free Hand lines. 



-Stag. 



ORDER or PEMCILLINe 
■4 Stages 



Stage 3 



Stage -4 




ORDER OF \NKING 
-4 5fages 



Blocking Out 



S'ta g e I 



De ve/opi og 



Stage 



Dimension Lines 



Stage 3 





Finish. 



5 fa 9 e -4 







1 




C-.3 r 


- 




— 3^' 



to: Ccyr^ea fb) St.-^ight Lines" "o.nnen. Lines" Arrows, ris^rQS,eto Cross hafching" 






DIMENSIONS 



(aj 3'= 3 feet ■ 3"= 5 inches 



TO CONA/fCr g STR>^I6HT DIMES BYAMARC^'^^ Srna 



(Ij Bisect angle 

(2) Draw cd par-al)el fo at>- 

("n-iaKing be ecjual to given rod Js") 



ICc) Small radii' t-hus: '^^^ 



(cl) Extension Lines are i^scoi 



DIMENSIONS 




.___i_ 



(3) c< eqo'a la 



"for oi re 



Lines 



oi^t- clotted and are 



side the 



Sheet B 



Use -^S' +rianale 



Use 60» triangle 



LVSSSPHS 



Use '^5''frians\ 






Ci^cxnncl 



cam 




/\nQle 



Note Ir> InKtng (a) Omit a/y construction ;jne6 

( b) Li^ht Lines about tnoe. 
(c; Med)o»-r, Lines aboo+i-)-»o« 



Bar 




(a) Heavy Lines aboc^t thus 



3heet S 



SHEKT 6 



Conic Sections 



20 




Use of French Curve or Scroll 

Given a series of points to be joined by a smooth cui-ve. 

Find portion of Scroll to fit at least 3 points (as b, C, d). 
Then draw from b to k (about half way between c and d). 
Change Scroll to fit c d e, and draw curve from k to half 
way between d and e. Continue thus. 

Sometimes the Scroll will fit more than three points. Init in any case 
stop half way between last two, as suggested above. 



21 



SHEET 6 — co:nic sectio:ns 



DIRECTIONS 

(«) Follow the Order of Pencilling given on Page 17, 
beginning with the necessary construction lines. 

(&) Strengthen only the Outlines of Curves. (Use "French 
Curve" or "Scroll" — see Page 20.) 

(c) Ink in (on Duplex Sheet) only the Curve outlines 

(Black-Medium) and Border (Black-Heavy) . 

(d) Small Circles about Reference Points can be inked in 

Black. {Use Boio Pen.) 



II. PROBLEM 1. Ellipse {Exact Method). 

(a) Lay off line, as a}l>\ equal to Major Axis. Use this 
for measuring Radii (as a^e^ and b^e*) in developing 
curve . 

(6) Find at least 5 Points for each quadrant. 

(c) Add explanatory equation for one point of curve, as 
indicated. 



III. PROBLEM 2. EUipse {Approximate Method). 

When the Major and 3Iinor Axes do not differ much in length, a simple 
approximate method, by means of circular arcs, can be used to replace 
the more complicated exact method. 

Construction as shown. 



IV. PROBLEM 3. Parabola. 

Divide ab and ac each into at least 8 parts. 

V. PROBLEM 4. Hyperbola. 

(a) Draw the large rectangle by dimensions given. 

{b) Begin the curve at a. 

Find enough points to give a smooth curve. 

(c) The divisions on ab need not be of uniform length. 



(«) 
(b) 



NOTES 

EUipse — Parabola — Hyperbola. 

These curves belong to the family of Conic Sections, so 
called because they are derived by the intersection of planes 
with the surface of a Cone. 

Theii exact derivation will be taken up in Sheet 12. This sheet 
deals merely with certain geometrical methods of drawing them. 

PROBLEM 1. 

The Ellipse can be defined as the path traced by a point, the 
sum of whose distances from two fixed points always remains 
constant. 

The two fixed points are called "Foci" (singular, 

"Focus"). 
The long diameter or Length of Ellipse is called the 

"Major Axis." 
The short diameter or Width is called "Minor Axis." 
Study above definition and Pkoblem 1. It will be seen 
that the sum of the distances from the Foci to the 
mo\-ing point will always equal the Major AxHs. 
Then, with Major and Minor Axes given, the Foci 
can be found by drawing arc with Radius R ^ ^ 
Major Axis, and one end of Minor Axis as centre 
(see diagram). 

The method of developing the Ellipse is indicated, and, as it 
follows the definition given above, it is called the "Exact 
Method." 

C. PROBLEM 3. Parabola. 

(a) The exact definition of this curve is left for Analytical 

Geometry, 
{b) When the width and height of the cm've are given it 

can be drawn as indicated. 

D. PROBLEM 4. Hyperbola. 

{a) As in the case of the Parabola, the exact definition is 

here omitted. 
(&) Only one-half the Curve is drawn by this construction — 

the remaining half would be similar but inverted, coir- 

tinuing from point a. 
(c) This construction is much used in the representation of 

the Theoretical Indicator Card of a Steam Engine. 




Sheet 6 



SHEKT 7 



Cycloids 



23 



-V-S— b 




Fis, 2 



To Rectify a given Are 

Given arc ab (Fig. 2). Use 
Bow Spring Dividers. Step 
off short distances along arc 
ab and same number along 
Straight Line. 

This makes a'b' equal, ap- 
proximately, arc ab. 




To Transfer a Gear 
Tooth Curve 

Place Scroll to coincide with 
given cur\-e (mn) (Fig. 5). 
Mark point n on Scroll and 
draw Circle P tangent to 
Scroll at any convenient 
point (as t). Change Scroll 
to new position and draw 
m'n' as shown. 

Alternative Method 

Omit Circle P and use mark 
(as s) to locate curve. 



24 



SHEET 7 -CYCLOIDS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Begin construction by laying out Centre Lines of circles. 
Draw all consti'uction circles very light. 



II. PROBLEM 1. 

(a) Make Rollirig Circle (E.G.) = S" diam. 

(6) Use 8, 10 or 13 points on E,. C. 

(c) In stepping off distances on circles use small Dividers. 

(See Page 25-FiG. 2.) 

Wlien the curve comes back to the straight line, how far will it 
be from the initial point " O "? Answer by giving proper dimen- 
sion line and figures. 



III. PROBLEM 2. 

(a) Take points about 15° apart. 

(6) Continue curve as far as possible without conflict. 

IV. PROBLEM 3. 

(a) Make R. C =^ 2" diam. for both cui-ves. 
(&) Use 10 or 13 points on R. C. for Epicycloid. 

(c) " 8 " 10 " " Hypocycloid. 

(d) Continue curved as far as possible with conflict. 



V. Strengthen outlines of Curves and Gear Teeth only. 

(See Page 25-FiG. 5.) 



VI. Ink in : — 

(a) Curves and Gear Teeth. 

(b) Small Reference Circles. 

(c) Border line. 



(Black-Medicm. ) 

(Black.) 

(Black-Heavy. ) 



NOTES 

A. Cycloid, Involute, Epicycloid, Hypocycloid.* 

These curves belong to the family of Cycloids. They 
may all be defined as the path traced by a Point on the 
Circumference of a Circle which rolls on a given Line 
(either Straight or Cur^'^ed) . 

B. PROBLEM 1. Cycloid. 

R. C. rolls on a Straight Line. 
(a) Take points on initial position of R. C 

(5) Find successive positions of R. C. by making distance 

0-1 on AB = arc O-l on R. C, etc. 

(See Page 25-FiG. 2.) 

(c) Locate the successive positions of O by stepping off the 

proper arcs in the direction of the arrows. 

The length of these arcs will, in each case, be the distance over 

which the circle has rolled. To verify this, try a coin rolling along 

the edge of the T-square. 

C. PROBLEM 2. Involute. 

A special case of the Epicycloid. 
Straight Line (Circle of Infinite Radius) rolls on a given 
Circle. 

More simply, by a point at the end of a String which, being 
held taut, is unwound from a given circle. 

The String is taken in successive positions by drawing tangents 
at end of successive radii, and the proper distances are stepped off 

as shown. 

D. PROBLEM 3. Epicycloid and Hypocycloid. 

Former ^ R. C. outside of another Circle. 
Latter == " inside " " 

(a) Construction similar to Prob. 1. 

(6) Gear Teeth are formed by Epicycloids and Hypocycloids 
drawn, respectively, outside and inside a circle known as "Pitch. 
Circle." The '-Pitch" of the teeth is the distance between 
the centres of successive teeth, measured along the Pitch Circle 
(arc ab in diagram). 

* Cycloid — kvk\os = " Circle." 

Epicycloid — ^iri = " upon" + nixXos. 

Hypocycloid — inrd = "under" + kijkXos. 

Involute — (Latin) in = " upon " + volvo ^ "to roll." 



o o 



Prob I - Cycloid 



O.I Con A B) = arc 0,\ oki circle 

O.Z{onAB) = " 02 ■• 

Etc. 



Eoicvcloid 



Oa ^"^Pitch - ore. a b 
^C- Arc c d • jr a re a b. 

70CVCloiCi 





I vo I wf< 



Pr-ob'2 



2^0 or» tanger^'f' - 2..0 art B.C. 

a: o .. - = a O .. 



Pr-ob.3 Q/on RC. -OJ on PC- etc. 



Note 



= Pitcfi Circle ((B(3)=Base Circie ((RcD = Roil. r^a Circle. 



^"d meQ»^s -4/oc»nes , 



^heef 7 



20 



SHEKT C 



Orthtographiic Projections 

Illustration Sheet 



27 



SIIEET C - OETHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS 

THIS SHEET IS FOR ILLUSTRATION ONLY 



I. The technical development of Projections, Projection 

Planes, etc., is left for later consideration. 

(See Sheet M, Page 86.) 

II. Orthographic Projection, described simply, is a method 
of delineating an object accurately and adequately by 
means of one or more views, so grouped as to be easily 
read together, and thus give a clear idea of the appearance, 
form, and dimensions of the object. 

III. EXAMPLE: Student Lamp. 

(a) Let F. V. = Front View. R. V. = Eight Side View. 

T. V. = Toj) Vieiv. Ij. V. = Left Side View. 

(b) If we take a Stndent Lamp, place it on a table and stand 

far enough away so that the rays from all points of 
the lamp to the eye are practically parallel, we can 
reproduce on paper, to a convenient scale, the 
corresponding appearance of the lamp. 

Place this so-called View at the bottom and centre of 
a sheet of paper and label it F. V. (see Sheet C). 

Now look at lamp similarly from above and place View 
so produced above F. V., labelling it T. V. 

Then look at lamp from Right Side, and place 
corresponding View to the Right of F. V. Call it 
R.V. 

Similarly place L. V. (looking at Lamp from Left) as 
shown. 

(c) Label Centre Lines of Tank, Standard, and Shade 
as shown. 
Add Symbols "R" and "L" (Right and Left). 
Add Reference Points and Dimensions as shown. 



IV. Then Note CarefuUy : — 

(a) Point 1 of T. V. lies vertically above Point 1 of F. V. 
{b) Point 1 lies on same horizontal line in F.V. and T.V. 

(c) (Looking at T. V. from direction " N " and comparing 

with R.V.) — Point 1 lies at distance (C) to "B." of 

C. L. Standard* in both Views. 

(d) (Similarly comparing T.V. from direction "M" with 

Li. V.) — Point 1 lies at distance (C) to " L" of C. L. 
Standard in both Views. 

(e) By means of the above analysis, with tivo Views of an 

object given, we can usually locate the position of 
con-esponding points in a third or fourth View, and 
thus complete these views. 

If necessary we could develop a Bottom View -which would 
then be placed below the F.V. 



V. (a) Any xiew of an object may be taken as a F. V., but 
having selected and located this, the other Views must 
be grouped about it in accordance with the above 
principles (T.V. always at Top — R.V. always at 
Right, etc.). 

(&) In general, three Views are enough to clearly describe an 
object (as will be seen in example above), but where 
necessary /o?tJ- or even^ue Views may be taken. 

(c) Hidden Lines are represented dotted, as shown. 



* C.L. stands for Centre Line. 




Note: The symbol 4 -standa for CENTRE LINE" ^ 



Sheet C 



2i) 



SHBET 8 



OrthLOgraphiic Projections 

Problems 



30 



SHEET 8 - OETHOGBAPHIC PROJECTIONS 

PROBLEMS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Study carefully Sheet C. (Pages 27 and 28.) 

Apply principles there shown to development of following 
problems. 

II. PROBLEM 1. 

(a) Lay out Centre Lines. 

(&) Draw light circles (diams. as given in T. V.). 

(c) Block out Hexagons (use 60° Triangle). 

(d) Block out F. V. and R. V. 

in. PROBLEM 2. 

(a) Lay out centre lines. 

(&) Block out all three views together. 

(Draw Pentagon by method. Page 81-S.) 

IV. PROBLEM 3. 

(a) Proceed as in Pkob. 2. 

V. PROBLEM 4. 

(a) Same procedure. 

(6) The subject is the same as Prob. 3, turned through an 
angle of 30°. 
Note : "We still use Horizontal and Vertical centre lines. 

VI. Add, in each problem, at least 3 selected Reference Points 
(other than those given on the blue print) in aU views. 

VII. Omit all dimension lines and figures on this sheet. 

VIII. Ink ia only : — 

(a) All centre lines (Red-light). 

(6) Cli'cles about reference points (Black) . 

(c) Circles about " E, " and " L " (Black). 

(d) Borderline (Black-heavy). 



NOTES 

A. Follow the Order of Pencilling given on Page 17. 

(a) It is usually wisest to block out the entire sheet before 

beginning to strengthen any outlines.* 

(b) Develop all views of an object together. -f 

Do not complete one view before beginning another. 

(c) In "Strengthening" hidden lines a.ve dotted. 

(When Blocking out draw hidden lines light and full: alight "d" 
placed on them will indicate that they are to be dotted later.) 



B. PROBLEM 3. 



(a) The di-awing represents a Block with a Round Hole 

in it, and a Triangular Prism on top. 

(b) The bottom lines of the hole can be drawn with the 30° 

Triangle. 



* This method assists, particularly later on, in gauging the best arrangement 
of the drawings on a sheet, and prevents unnecessary erasure in correcting the 
arrangement. 

t This will be found to economize time and to assist in understanding the 
relation of the various views. Where a horizontal line is to appear in F. V. and 
K. V. or L. V. draw it, at one stroke, through both views. 

Similarly for vertical lines in F. V. and T. V. 



'^^ 't>^ 



r 


TV\ 


/ 


\\ k 


/ 


1 \ "01 


/ 


\ - 





Right Sitie View 
here 



Prob.l 





Leff- Side /lew 


Here 



•Nt* 







Pi^orit View 
Here 



Right 5ide View 



F=*r-ob. -4. 



Note: Co) De carefi^-' to note v^'hether or not oo 



points are 
Ifor^y CO rre< 



referertce 



in obove print. 



ectly Joca+ed onci nv-'ml^r:- J _ ' , ^ 

i& necessQ ry , maKe it in red i n K on the bl«^e prinf 



Cb;/V1cxKe dotted hnes about -thus. 



32 



SHEET 9 



OrthLOgraphiic Projections {continued) 



Problems 



33 



SHEET 9 — ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS {continued) 

PROBLEMS 



DIRECTIONS 

Proceed as in Sheet 8. 

(a) Lay out Centre Lines. 

(b) Block out all 4 Views together. 



(Stage 1.) 



(c) Develop drawing and Strengthen Outlines of all 4 Views. 

(Stage 2.) 

(ri) Add Dimension Lines and Arrows. (Stage 3.) 

(e) Add Figiu-es and Lettering. (Stage 4.) 

II. Add at least 3 selected Beference Points (other than those 
given on blue print) in all views, and Reference Dimen- 
sions A and B. 

III. Ink in, as hitherto : — 

(a) Centre lines. {Red-light.) 

(b) Circles about Reference Points and Letters.* {Black.) 

(c) Borderline. {BlacTc-heavy .) 

* "A," "B," " L," "R," etc., are '■'■Reference Letters." 



NOTES 

A. (a) Use edge of Scale marked "^." This gives graduations 
cojTesponding to \ inch = 1 foot, which is the Scale 
called for in the drawing. 

(&) 18-3" means 18 feet, 3 inches, etc. 



B. 



In the blue print all lines have been drawn full. 
that Hidden Lines are dotted. 



Remember 



In Strengtliening, therefore, correct the lines of the blue print 
wherever necessary. 



C. Door and Window are to be considered Open. 












\ 


/■ 








3> 


1 











His 



"^ Scale :i»>i.-r ft. 



SIneet 9 



35 



SHEET lO 



OrthLOgraphiic F*rojections (continued^ 

Problems 



36 



SHEET 10 - ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIOIN^S (continued) 

PROBLEM 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Follow directions for Sheet 9. 

II. Substitute for "?" the proper dimension figures taken from 
Sheet 9, 

Note that the location of some dimensions has been changed, 
as a line should only be dimensioned where it 
appears in its true length. 

III. Add at least 3 selected Reference Points, and Reference 

Letters ("A," " B," etc.), as hitherto. 

IV. Inking. Same as hitherto. 



NOTES 

A. This sheet shows the subject of Sheet 9 turned through an 
angle of 30°. 



B. Remember, as before, that Hidden Lines are dotted. 



lime of H00& 



. Window 





wHether or not 



points are 1 

If any cor-r-scfiori is 

blue print. 



located 



make it 



above print. 



( n K on rH e 



Sheet 10 



38 



SHEET 11 



Developinnent 



39 



SHEET 11 - DEVELOPMENT 



DIRECTIONS 

I. PROBLEM 1. Truncated Prism. 

(a) Work out Front, Top, and Side Views of subject. 

(6) Obtain True Size of top, as shown. 

(c) Develop or unfold the resulting surface, as indicated. 



II. PROBLEM 2. Truncated Pyramid. 

Method same as for Problem 1. 



III. For both problems. 

(a) Order of Pencilling same as before. 

(&) Add all Reference Points given on blue print in all 
Views and in Development. 



(c) Add Reference Dimensions. 

(d) Inking same as hitherto. 



IV. Reproduce both Developments on piece of Duxilex Paper. 
Cut out and fold to produce original objects. 



NOTES 

A. From now on, with tiie exception of Sheet 17 (Isometric 
Projection), all the problems and sheets of the course are 
based on the principles of Orthographic Projection. This 
term will, therefore, be omitted from the heading of the 
following sheets, and the title only of the special problem 
on each sheet will be given. 



B. Given an object, like an iiTCgular Box, to find the size and 

shape of a sheet of material which, when folded, will pro- 
duce the object. 

The solution of this problem is indicated on this sheet. The 
technical term by which this process is known is : — 

Development of a Surface. 

C. PROBLEM 2. 

The Front View does not show the slanting edges of the 
Pyramid in theii" true length. 

To find the true lengths, for development, use construction 
indicated. 

This corresponds to the following principle (see note on 
blue print) : — 

Let ab = F. V. of given Line. 

" a^b^ = T. V. " " 
Revolve bottom (b^) of line to (c^). 
ac will then be True Length of Line. 



Note 



ci- ^iv«' 



Sheet II 



41 



SHEBT 12 



Intersection of Cone and Planes 

Conic Sections 



42 



SHEET 12 -INTERSECTION OF CONE AND PLANES 

CONIC SECTIONS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Use Auxiliary Cutting Planes perpendicular to axis 
of Cone. 
These wiU cut the surface of Cone in Circles (T.V.) ; in 
Straight Lines (F.V.)- 

Points of intersection, on the Surface of the Cone, of the 
above Planes and the Main Cutting Planes can then be 
identified in both %'iews, gi%-ing ns the required curve of 
intersection. 

(Farther construction, True Sizes, etc., as indicated.) 
As many Auxiliarj' Planes can be used as found necessary. 
In tliis problem they may be taken about i inch apart on F.V. 



II. The procedure of the previous sheets in regard to Pencilling, 
Dimensions, Reference Points, Inking, etc., is to be fol- 
lowed out on this sheet. 
Select at least 5 Reference Points other than those given on 
blue print. 



NOTES 

Planes cutting the Surface of a Cone, at different angles, 
produce the various Conic Sections shown on Sheet 12. 

(a) Plane parallel to axis of Cone — Hyperbola. 

/^x a " " slanting Element* — Parabola. 

(c) " crosses Cone— BUipse. 

(d) ^^ perpendicular to axis — Circle. 

Note : In the case of the Hyperbola we get two curves, the 
second one inverted, if we consider the plane to cut the 
Cone produced above the apex. 

Fui-ther consideration of the Conic Sections is left for 
Analytical Geometry. 

* See Page 45-I-i. 




CiVcfe 

Pa ra Jbo I a 
Hyperbola 





\ 


1 


^^M 




1 

1 






/ True Sjxe of H\y 


P^r 


-toolei 




/ 


<f^ 




CQ) 


— ^-j 


^rJ--i'^ 











A ^ 






/ 


mai^ 


rN / 


\ \ ^ 


/ 

( 


^ \ \ ^ 




3* >- 



^Tryj» 5 



Of ei»i 



'^*^^*-^^^^^^^ 



Ror-oil 



CONi-CL^S-ECXIONS 



Sheet 



44 



she:e:t 13 



Intersection of Cone and Plane 

Alteroate M^ethod 



45 



SHEET 13— INTERSECTI0:N^ OF CO]NE AND PLANE 

ALTERNATE MP:TH0D 



DIRECTIONS 

I. (a) Make <^ same as for Sheet 12. 

(b) Use Vertical Alixiliary Planes through axis of Cone. 
These will cut the surface of the cone in Straight Lines 
(in all three views). 

These lines are called "Elements" of the Cone. 

(c) Points of intersection, on the Surface of the Cone, of 

the above Planes and the Main Cutting Plane can 
then be identified in all three views, giving us the 
required curve of intersection. (Construction as 
indicated.) 

II. (a) Lay out arc for Development. Radius = Slayit height of 
Cone. Length of arc = Circumference of base of Cone. 

(b) In laying off points on Development, remember that the 
true lengths (E, F, etc.) must be taken as found by 
method shown in F.V. (See Page 39-C.) 

in. Take at least 5 selected Reference Points. Procedure same 
as hitherto. 

The Elements can be lettered, as indicated, for convenience of identi- 
fication during Construction. 



A. 



NOTES 

As long as the Main Chitting Plane passes entirely across 
Cone, any angle of <^ will give an Elliiise. 

If is the same as on Sheet 12, the true size of ellipse, as well as its 
projections, should be the same by this method as by the previous one. 
Test by tracing the curve. 



B. 



All the other Conic Sections given on Sheet 12 can be obtained 
equally well by this second method. 



C. 



This second method is much more convenient than the first 
when a Development of the Cone is desired. 





Ah-c 3-4 Deve/ = A i-c 3-' 






CONiC SECTlOrvJS 

e comd MetHod 



K^K 



Sheet 13 



SHEET 14 



Intersection of Cone and Hexagonal Prisnn 

Nnt for Bolt 



48 



SHEET 14-mTEKSECTION OF CONE AND HEXAGONAL PRISM 

NUT FOR BOLT 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Method of consteuction indicated on blue print. (As in 
Conic Section sheet we use Auxiliary Planes.) 

(a) Make Complete Top View. 

{b) Procedure as hitherto. 

II. When completed and approved this sheet is to be traced. 

(a) Use Shade Lines* on all views, in accordance with 
principles given on Page S2-Sheet E {in Inking 
only). 

(h) Omit all Oonstrnction Lines, Reference Numbers, and 
Letters in Inking. 

(c) Add Dimension and Centre Lines (Bed-light). 

(d) Arrows, Figures, and Lettering {Black). 

* It is more convenient to draw first all unshaded lines ; then 
open pen a little and draw all shaded lines. 



NOTES 

The cm-ve developed on the Front Face is evidently a portion 

of an Hyperbola. 
The same curve appears on the slanting faces, in both front 

and side Adews, but in both cases more or less foreshortened. 





NUT FOR BOLT 











-Hyperbola 


' /- 

































SHeet : 



50 



SHBKT 15 



Intersection and Developnaent of Prisms 



51 



SHEET 1 5 — INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT 



OF 



PENTAGONAL AND TRIANGULAR PRISMS 



DIRECTIONS 

(a) Block out the 3 Views each of the Pentagonal and 
Triangular Pi'isms (both Equilateral). 

(h) Work out Projection of Intersection. 

(c) Work out Developments as indicated. 



II. (a) Pi-ocedure as hitherto. 

(6) Add at least 2 selected Reference Points (other than 
those given on the blue print) on all Views and 
Developments, and define them by small circles and 
appropriate Reference Dimensions. 

(c) Number, without adding Circles, all other points, as 

indicated . 

(d) Substitute for "?" in Developments the proper dimen- 

sions taken from the corresponding lengths in the 
original views. 



III. Reproduce Developments on piece of Duplex Paper; Cut 
out and fold to produce original subject. 



A. 



B. 



NOTES 

As on Sheet 11 the purpose of Development is to obtain 
Patterns which, when cut and properly folded, will pro- 
duce the original subject drawn. 



In T. V. the apex of the Triangular Prism starts from 7 
and is intercepted at 10 by Pentagonal Prism. Now the 
F.V. of this apex must be the same length — i.e. : 7-10. 
We can, therefore, locate point 10 in F.V. 

Similarly for other points of intersection. 








Development ortT 










9 






1 ■&. ..^^"^ 


>• 


Sheet 15 



53 



SHEET 16 



Intersection and Development of Cylinders 



54 



SHEET 16 -INTERSECTION AND DEVELOPMENT OF CYLINDEBS 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Method similar to that of Sheet 15, with the addition of 
Auxiliary Planes used in Conic Section Sheet. 



II. (a) Block out 3 views of Large Cylinder — I. 

(6) Block out F.V. and E.V. of Small Cylinder — II. 
(c) Work out T.V. and R.V. of II. 
(c7) Work out Projection of Intersection, 
(e) Draw Developments. 



III. (o) In Development of II cut cylinder at some other point 
than that shown on blue print. 

{h) Number and letter all points (given in R.V.) in all 
Views and Developments. 

(c) Add at least 2 selected Eeference Points on all Views 

and Developments, and define them as hitherto. 

(d) Dimensions "?" are to be supplied by scaling the 

drawing. 

(e) In stepping off arcs use very small intervals. 

(See Page 23-Fig. 2.) 



NOTES 

An Auxiliary Plane parallel to axis of Small Cylinder (as 
IS-m-h, R.V.) will cut a line (IS-z) on latter's surface 
in F.V. by projecting horizontally. This line will appear 
in T.V. at distance (A) from O.L. 

Now, in T.V. this line is intercepted at m by surface of 
Large Cylinder; by projecting down, therefore, we identify 
point m in F.V. This gives one point of intersection. 
The others can be found similarly. 

The Auxiliary Plane would also cut surface of small cylinder on 
vnder side. Each plane, therefore, will give two points of intersection. 



B. Auxiliary Planes can be taken at will, but for convenience in 
development it is best to make arcs 1-2, 3-3, etc., on 
E.V. all equal. 

In laying out Development of II take length of circumference and 
divide into proper number of parts. 




^^ 


Y 1' 


12 T II lo 1 


9 S 7 1^ 


A 4 9 2 






•- -^ A r-c 1 1 - 


12 EV 


^ >. 


1 


44i 


Develo] 


orne.mt o-f 


H. 






// 

-« A re K-m -TV. 

\ ® / \ 






v^ ) 


1 




w 





Dev-elopmen't oT T. 



3hei^t 16 



5« 



SHRET 17 



Isometric Dra^wing 



57 



SHEET 17 — ISOMETRIC DRAWING 



DIRECTIONS 

I. Draw first the Orthographic Vieivs. 

Note that the scale is 4 inches = 1 foot. 



II. Develop the Isometric Drmoing from the Orthographic Views. 
Start with Point 1, and build up the figure by locating succes- 
sive Points (method indicated by reference dimensions) and 
then join the points by the required straight or curved hues. 

When small curves cannot be conveniently drawn with the French 
Curre, a radius can often be found to approximate the required curve, 
and compasses can be used. 



III. Show Point 1 as on blue print. Then add at least 3 selected 
Reference Points other than those given, and define their 
position by Reference Dimensions, both in Orthographic 
Views and in Isometric Drawing. 



IV. When completed and approved the sheet is to be traced. 
In inking : — 

(a) Omit all construction lines and all Reference Figures 

and Letters. 

(b) In Isometric Drawing omit also all axes. 

(c) Add numerical dimensions and lettering. 

(d) Use method of Inking given for previous tracings. 



NOTES 

Isometric Drawing * is a method of showing, in one 
View, what in Orthographic Projection requires two or 
more views. It resembles a distorted Perspective Draiving. 



Briefly, in Orthographic Projection we have 3 axes which can 
be called Width (W), Depth (D), and Height (H), re- 
spectively. 

In Isometi'ic Drawing these are all combined in one View by 
imagining an object tipped at an angle. This tipping is 
such as to make the W and D axes each form an angle of 
30° with the horizontal, while the H axis remains vertical. 

Any distance parallel to any one of the 3 axes in Orthogi'aphic 
Projection is then laid off in the Isometric Drawing in its 
true length parallel to the corresponding axis. 

By joining points thus located we develop an Isometric View. 



It follows from above that only those lines which are parallel 
to any one of the 3 axes are shown in their true length in an 
Isometric View. 

* A distinction must be noted between the above described Isometric 
" Drawing" and strict Isometric '■^Projection." In the latter the lengths 
of all lines parallel to any one of the axes would be 0.8165 times their 
true length. In practice, however, this correction is rarely made, and 
the true lengths instead of the corrected ones are used as above described. 








■A 


^ 



Scale ^"^ /' 



Orthoaraphic Pt-oiec+ion 



Note: Timber- sizes o r-e stated thus: 2x4C2"a^')^ 6^6, 6>8 etc. 
In t-Jnis exercise draw a 6xS (©"side vertical) 



Sheet 17 







Connecting Rod Er»d 



Scale, o I n. 









>^ 




'Tap for #- set scr-e 











Sheet 18 




Ritch 




^^^=^ — ^"^^ 


N. ~y^'^''^^''~~^-^ 


> 


/A 




/l.--><?c-'^ 


/ 






>^-<^:TT: 



■^HSBS 


^^H BIK^iBMiHHS^H 





and Not 



ad and Nc/f. 



)= some convenient di\/isor of SfeO"- nnoKe ittogive at least S points in semi- circumfrence 
(2) MaKe @ to correspond (3) Record values oj^ @ ar^d @ &electeei. 

Q)li) © = 'arigie of fhr-GGd" In th Is case ® :^ 77"- 20'. 

(2) For standard threacTs ® usc/oHy equals 60° fSee SheetK-n Paoea^l cr u. 



Sheet 19 



Data 



Th'= D 
R = ED 

Forfl/^ "Threads per in. 
PitcH 




y 


^ 


----_----^ 


\1l 


1 


^K9f""nBil1l 



BOUT ^-^D NUT 



^cQle : F^uff Size 




No+e." (a.) Proportiorvs given for bolt head and mut ai^e i-h«^ i^&ucil s+and<ar-d <n pi'oc+ice. 

(b) For rtKJty^het- crf^ •tHrGads per inci^ (^Sf+artdar-d -for qiven diameter) ^ee .^hceJ' K' I ociae S^. 



Shc&r zo. 



FREE HAND ON SKETCHING PAD 



<:DTaye 



I - Dio'z.n^ cj<->i 



B - v.'^^'ci pencil 



Sinale R.H. 



Stage2-Corr>pheto all drawings) 



SfagoA- Fig.-'re 




Sinale L.H. 



Double R.H. 



Sinole R.H. 



Note (a) P»2Pfor double threat; 



Conventional Square Thr-ea<ds 



CoMventionol V Threads 



rroMt View 



Side Vievv 





Diarn=- 

-A- T 



MaKe 





TK-ial 



;) Bot-t g tno) Mot. 
CPro portions as ind/cated) 



same as "EH and ^2111 



CONVENTIONS •-°- THREADS -^° BOLTS 



3cale: PwJ 1 Size. 



Note.- I . IT -R.H. = F?iqhf Hand; L. H.= Left Hand Th r-ead 



inr , Tzm.- 



Hr. - Note that a,a,,a2 ; 
b, b.jba Q second, < 



YM- Small threads 



net thread Ok r>d 



tno's. 



bolt only 
W Diameter (z) L= Le»-»q-Mn (3) M= Distance -t-hK^adeici. 



YnXandZI. Sho\rk< boll- Heads across corners 



"Zn.g Jn dXn show bolt Heads . 

FOR STANDARDS SEE SHEET K- W. 



SHeet Z\ 



Ik 



For fur^- -5 1 



ro^tSi HvaTcninga— ace 



(2y By 3+ciges ae oo SHe. 



CNVt MTION-^' ,-r7'-.3 HAT'^ ^ Mrc^ 




Wrou5>nt S+ee! Brass, BaDtoitt Wood 

Iroo Lead, etc | 



Solid SHoft 



pipe or-Tt-fbe 



Tw'o Me+J-iodo 



"Timbar- 



er-oKe»-> Sectiorjl 
holes I 



-jLiiLim 







|V\V\\\\\V\\\\VW1 




FLY WHEEL «"« PULLEY PEDESTAL BEARIN& 



.'INISHMlAnri 
IT ' 



- \tt 



3L rviac»>irie Sc»^»v - 






7 Threads 



-,i*l ««) 



IIMI 



STEP 



S^eel- fin. all ov'er- 



W r-t Iron/ 



rio (3ii o*-e< 




"r^'e >Tg-t*i 




©OSS 



.HAf'IFeR 



Half Section 
on AB. 



.*5PINDi-E -VVr't Iron") _ ^ , 

■ nnisried all 



3TEP sea: 

Seole; Foil Size Oo> 



TlVie He>^. )"yr 



Note: 0) m-r n. s»-»ow 
(2J S sriows ail 



meTnods ot 



in one \/^iew. 



(b) Section o»-« giV«»-i linfe-w.rr-. stvaft unfe«cTion«rf. 



(Q) Drilled Holes -crize and 



-fo be 



*=>>/ 



some: drafting conventions 



3>^eet 22 



Pil 



I 



P 



(l> FREE MAMD ONI SK.E:T-CH»MQ F'A D 



iGjS cxs to 



-5 holes 
.-for g'boits 



iO 



/Section , 



.l»^-v \ 





/ 6 >-io/e^ 



I -^'M- 




Stno»ea^\ 
i^or£ bol:f^ (^ ) 






^ halGS- 



6* dtom 



zd >! 






PLANSED PIPE V 

Sc;<j»/e: h+Qlf Size 



-J.peci<al location o<^ 
Loit Mo:e.<=> <».hown tiic 



ori /^ B 



.ei-*"' 





.q;^— 




;;;l-^ 


'Piston Rod 


'li. 


st-«cl 


rG LAM D 




1 


Jj e r<xs« - -f 1 ri all ovei' 



fc-#,Stce/Bolte - 



('4: /on<? A. J^ 




^a' i'-^ "^ 'flte 




It 


1 , 





1 

J ../ 


:>orcd *r3 


1 

r 


1 

1 


^ 



3f"^ 



CYLINDER HEAD^'^o STUFFING BOX 

3caJe: PuJ( Sire , 

Tine hene I 



(0 MetJood of de-fi»niog Sol+ Holes ( I.-t-IT.) 

C2)Lib«r-ty toKS)^ witln Pr-ojection o-f Bol+ Holes C ^nr-Uj 

(3)Method o-f Half Section" With Root qk^cJ Bolts In place c^tr.). 



Slneet 23 



^m^ 



ni IS one orr)^crny possiole c»rr-angerrier»+s - taHeto r 

to hta'VG +H)e Okxis of £>>n«-ft Hor-izor-i+o*! i tn f-r"onf view- i"te 



]t woo Id 

pO.»lflOr-> jr 



DIRECTIOrNlS PO R £ H £ ^" T 

: HAND ON SKETCHING PAD. 



ctl> ■frTDoo rnodel (St 
■; iKe salectio'-i of views ^v'lt^iowt -oiouftiog diagmmj* below 



, figof-ea q.-i--J l^^ttering (BIqcK- 3t-.aqo4) - 



(Measure rr-ioctel vv ith r-vjie aod calipers) 



tse drawn 



; y^yy. 



CHOICE AND ARRANGEMENT OF VIEWS 



FRONT View one w 



fmemmmmm 



idea of objeoh 



iri its natoi 



l3) Droi/v oi nrtarty ottior viewi 06 Q »"e necessary TOSHow i 
(■4) Select views wv nicn &lr%ow important lines Fol I c»ric« 
NOTE.- Hidden lines, idotted) ^hcxjld be dr-ayr^n < 
■f-hey add to ttne gerier-al clearne:. 
.5, ARR/\NSE/\LL V/EW5 m occ orders cc wittn , 
"^ n on eorlier finechs. 



'^r.^^^i^'t-r. 



(e. T\< a^oye ; &-V. bGlo\iv; 
This IS tt^c usual pr-actice if 
1 nvriKi conifus/on, Hold o 
yovr ovV'\ ot^irid poi^it" c'Ti^jjto 
Tu»r-oiog tn ' " " ' '' 



lartar-y arid imagine 
igert fcM- eacn view^ iristead of 



II! 



^^^^^T 



n C TC - r O R 




K Shows -^ Pos3ifc)/« t.. 



rfts-et/so corr-^cf tx^t IcaS 



■aati^factofy - 



imporfan+ lines Hidden. 



Sheet 24 



■■^— B 



Note: Free Hand ^^ on SKetcF->ir>q Pcxd <cx) BlooK oi^f Gt^±eio R acta, 

es I and 2 (b) THen w^k < 



ati-f-fere r»-t vi 



~ makft acoie 



■ g cofi^^spoocJmg ports 
time 






r 

■ V'i ''''1 




M 

f — 1 


This IS soctioo 

or. ry 


i i 




'e^'xs*" 



Omit all tJnese Goide. 




^z^'^s^' 



ace. for- Title 



Sineet ZS a 



^9 



Make Scale PuJI Size 




See page 6-4 .XS" 



a^Ve" 







Space for- Title 





Sheet 25 fc>. 



steel 




About e'-x 



A boot 4^'x^* 



(Vlcxke5ca.le: Pell 




About €>' 



pcK^e 3-^- &ectiariXS Z. 



3ee pJi^e G6 JS\ 




Revo I veci 




1 


^^^K^ 


~^! 






r 


1 


i 




^''^ 5^' 



»*'-5jf 



2/i^^ 



4^- ^^' 



Ti-tle 



3Heet E.5c 



MaKe Scale Full Siz.e 



VVr-oc/c^»-it If-Of, 




a- 'ft" 




^-'tI" 



^fx.*^" 



Wf-ou-y^nt I^-or^ 



Space for- 



1 1 k 



faced 













y 

T 


d 


3*' 


k"^<^p 


-< 



J__ 



jf —Add a'l fiuo'fcis.. I< 



- 2**" - 



I'fH 




1- 


1 
— 1 


1 

r" 


1 
1 


a- 

1 

1 
1 


1 ^. 

1 1 
1 ' 
1 1 
1 1 

1 ! ' 



if Oil Hoim 



eocH boQ. 




1^ - ... 



fraime: 

MoKe One - Cost Jr-ori 




DETAILS or 



SMALL COUNTER SHAFT 



W 7-30. 



<S«e Note 



'^e. 70. 





_^ 




II 

( a. C e H ; J 




In m 
















' 


-['- 
'.-... 



C orsjE 



EK 



t I r-om 



TAILS OF 



SMALL COUNTER SHAF 



Scoie F^^ll ^L^i 



■ 


■ 


S HAFT 


MqKs One 


- Steel 


rioia>oed 


Bt^JQht 



>PRINS 



Make On« - Br-oiss 



IroovotStTorpe 
<Saw>ge 




- 1^: - 



SHIFTER ROD 
MaKe Orne - W 7. 





J 

-■^-n ^ 




-' 2 


Sf Face] — . 




£W««SSS 


5S99 


'jj 




©o 




ILLEY 

MaKe Two - C.I. 



1^^^^^^^^^^^^ 




5H(FTING rOKE 
Make On« 



TAILS OP 

SMALL COUNTER SHAFT 



Sea le F^kjH 3ize 



Titl% »->er« 



SHeet 25 c 








^ '^ ''^:; 


Sri ~l™ fvi 


~ / 


^^>— ' 






^ 




"a" 





!?V=«-i^' 





-]^ 'H(0 




GUIDE PLATE SCREW 



MaH« TVvo - W. 



R I VET 

laKe Oi->e- 



TOGGLE JOINT 



MaKe Qme - Cor-nple+e - W. I. 



9^ ,. 




Moke Or^e - VVJ 



GUIDE PLATE 

MaKa Ome - W I 



_ETAILS OF 

SMALL COUNTER 5HAPT 

^cale . Pu I 1 Sixe 

Ti-Me M 



S»neet 25" d 



LAYOUT FOR DUPLEX o M E.ti. F iciSe 



MATERIAL 



la X 2*4- - 




|£; 


^^v^^^^^^^l 


B 


Ifu^^H 


^E 


B^^H 




■ ^1 



IMARkL'^O I NAME 



REMARKS 





Cone Pulley CI with§M^', 



Tig>->t Ruify CI. vv.V^i^jfJ S«f Sc* 



Loo«« PxjUmy C. I 



SH if ting YoKe C.I 



wit-»n Oil Hoi 



tee I F'lOlO^^ 





J-»K l«och Toggle Joiot W.I i'-f|- W./ R,v«r 



• I Guide Plate W.(. 



ruicfe P/afeScrwwJ W. I. I «acH as detailed 



' I YoKe Boll- W.I. 



' I /-I Spocing Lii 

BULT ^NP SCREW LISX 



'^ I DESCRIPTION MATL PO R 



tee I Cone Pulley 



teel Tigv-»+ P«j 1 1 «>■ 



W. I. Toggle Ooi»-ii- 



W.I. Swide Plate 



I J Set Sci-ew 



i-H ^^- 



f*l^ Cap So»-«w I W.I 



^ " Is Cci p Scr 



S\j ide f>| ate 



YoKe 



ement o-f STANDARD TITLE 






ls:e:]vihi: 



;tc;:auNi LR 



I 



^ttcfR^^rz 



rSSe: 



lai'ger- Scale) 



Or-) Duplex SHee"t add Mater-ials, el 



:r^ 




SHeet D 



STAGE 



STAGE 2 



BLOCKING OUT 








1 




\ 


o. n. 1 




















1 1 1 




■B 




-H 1 ^ 








mBI^^^BH 


H 


h 1 oi 
i i 

\ r M I 





STAGE -+ 



FINISHI 



'>X) PILLOW BLOCK 
One wanTeoi ( 



Oil Hole 



I I ., 





-« -^ — >— ^ — 


^' 


— /i- 






Seal©; ^in- 1 f^t. 


lO e 








e« 


2cii-ir-»c:^ -for 




Pillow BlocK- 


'S>naf-f or- «Joor-oa 1 



(•4 stages in I NKINGr see pcxge IS.) 



SHeet 





-•?.—.' — 






A. B.C. cTc ao 



8(1) of tv^otcsr 





■N 




["-::::: 




1 — 1 — ■ 



S*ne«T 25^e. 



-*~ .■¥ 




i / /-- 



/ L__- 
/ ' 

I I ,T 










or 

b 

"• 

S3 


> 




n 


< 

r 




01 s: 01 

.0 












. 1 X ^" ' 






H« ^ 43 u 


T 


-) 


BHff^^^^^^^^^^HMM 


-?/>■ 


> 




■^ 


■f 5 - >- 



|-»40NH 



out>ip2^ *- 



i I 



H 



^ 






'^ ., 


wamsmm 


■-';'■' 


rr^ • 




J i ' 




S ' I 


1^^ 


N _^^ ,^ 


^^"■"t^BBl 


T , 










}m. 







k^ 




■ 




■11 



BILL OF MATERIAL. 








iw^m 




MARK 


23Bi 


NAf*1C PiAAr_ 


RcrviARt^s 


A 


1 


^i-orrtm 


C 1 




B 
B 
B 


' 


Box 
l_ir»K 


a 

9 


B< 


~ 


2 




«HW^ 


2 




Plsjrvger- 


C 1. 




E 


2 




Oi 1 Cufts 


C.I 




r 


2 


Bolts 


W.I. 


*'*.*• 


s 


2 




Set Screw 


W.I. 


*•-*" 



^a- - 




/ASSEMBLY or 



M /\ N SEIR 



5i^ i 



2T 



m 



n 




GZH I J K L M 



> '1^ iU 



^^V^A 





-M^ 



SHeet f^ 



"^mmmmm 



GeON E 



Cons 



J y. To d I ^ i<Je a line A& 
in+o i^&oy) 5 paria 



To kaisect an an^le 



per-pen- 



into (soy pcfst) tor- 
paraJ.'cl les 





(oi) 5£>paces (ony £>ize) on 
/ASCcmy/ine) Join 5B. 

(b) Lines parollel ^o 5B 

qive required divisions 




( I J arc MN - a ny r^ad i o»s 



Poml- off JJcni+S, any 



Size. Use scale a& ahkowrv TV) and M 



Draw jocx^dllel lines. )p) OB=- bis 



I To dr-ai 



■frory^ a poir^f^ 




Vj To tArav^ ar^ arc tan- 
gent to Z given cit^des 

Gii'en R, , Rz and F^a 



jj To pass an arc thro 
3 points^ A,B,andC. 



y) S'' any point 



(3) CD tt-tro S 

':4^J PD» required pc] ~ 



V 



,.olygon 
/n a c»r-e4.e C a^^y no of 
dide&- hJB-rt 




or, PC- (0 Arcs fron-iA'T B meet of- O CO 

2 0= cenf-er- o/ requit-Gd (2) 



ngent. \ tfxnqent qkc. 



(3; 0= 



for- 5aid«i»- Tfttdcts-KTC 



(I) Dividers ir-ifo 5parrj|into7 htc 



Mrc3 /VC-'BC (>^'»-0= ( 
3 meet af O (3) CD alv^ays rhrei . Second pofni. 

required W AD- rex^uired side. 
circle 



Sheet G 



))Oclc(ll-(«j IS of too 



SHADl N<3 



vUaualiv ii-> Innin 

1 . To 3 i » 
109 TM 
adopted. 

2. The lig>-^+ is assomed t-o com© io the 
Jir-ecrion o-f ar-r-ows- F"i9l. 

I All Boi/Kicjrng Lines wlnictn lighit does 
not Str.Ke directly cif-« ■S>-><aclee< . 




»- frtan the ufi^t^aded 



to yii^e. 



represtrf 



o >-) (J L in ' 



ot two 



vist ble , 



>t «=,>mAU« 



SHADING Clf?CULAR AKVt.C. (Fig.Z). 
D»-cyiw c ir-cle- cer^■^^-e A 
With SAME RADIUS end Cer^t-re c 

e(/^8-^ ttb't'/^'aj dr-a>/v • 

C -to O S i f-o i 1 « r ly 



,' □!! iiQ 



Note : AH views of c«n 



object are f^^aii' 
in same n-ia n n« 



«o oboN^e 




ATH 



of Shading) 



SOME co^/\/E^iT(o^sJS' f-qr cross sections 



9 cjif-fers - -these repreaerrt a fair- stondar-d. 




B 



^^^^;^ 



^>//;^^ 



vKMKamaoiX 



Cast Steel 



Malleable Iron 



WroughtSteel Nickle S+e 






Copper 






Glass 



Stone 



Bt-(cK 



Usual onale -for 



"Two or fr\<:>r€. seoorctte loieces 10 con- 






tact, o£ 



cJ i reot lor.s. 








^ TYPES OF LINE:S 

• Foil Cvisiblej I 

(b) Dotted (lovisiblei 



r'^-'""^^*™f 



K 



fa) Xwo 



^ NUMBER C >r RIECES WANTED 

I £ Off' or Two Off' 



£ Pieces or Two 




VI o Ke Two 



1^ 



WITN/ESS MARKS 



!c «c/ri|le<J 



(d ) f Va 



FINISH MARKS 



l>«'ri^''^^^^'^^i»aa 



SOM£ CONVENTIONS 



aheet H 



IN GENERAL 



CONVENTIONS^'-^ I. LUSTRATIONS «^°'" 



mBBMBl 



in thot view which ehcws detoilt, rno&T cleor 



riQ dimeneioos On a^ecpnd v;ew I 



Olarrfing D l rri«r>eior»a 



^•c- :- 



y , )ace clii->^e Kioiof-is 

result from plocii-ici +Hem ir-tside. 



ioo dis+onces only io tt-ioae views wHere 1-Hcy 



-true Icr-idJ-H 



S Y M 8 O L5 



9- 9 inches 



13 ■= 13 inches e+c 



4 or A = ^feeJ- 5'- 6'- 5 feet- fe loche 



OH'^^cier e f^t use incHes. 



I 3 diUf-n or 3'd = 3inches 



use feet and inches. 



Oinoll Dmoen»io»-»» tHu^s 



aa Dimeooion Lines. 



Correct fhc/a ■ / 



not tnuj 



CONVENTIONS -^^'^ ILLUSTRATIONS 



not tin us 



I nts fHus 



not thws. 



Diameters 1-t^i^a: 




Extension Linetf. 



not thus: 



(12.) Radii tHcs: (only one orrow) 



/^r;-ow Points alwoys to touch liVies Jtinrt&r^aio'-ied 
thus: / f \ not fhu&: / * \ 



vvhere possible alorig one line. 



not thcs' 



Arrow Points olwoi^s oppo.site 
■f-hvyS; |-«^ >^ or — i-| |-e- 



not thws' 



Vertical 



mot t^msr i." nor 



(14)1 Give Dimension 0\'e>- AH as well cas Sobdinnenaions 



ie:f Vertical Dimensio^oa ^o r-ead fi^oinn HIGHT.) 



■^.Oe r>ot •<*.06'' 



CONCERNING DIMENSIONS 



Shieei- -O 



us. STANDARD FOR V THREADS ^3 STANDARD BOLTS AND NUTS 



hreaete|Ci43rri a't iptai . 
IScrcv '>p9f in noor of *•^id|TJp Or 



Oiam. of Scr 



M eXASONAU 



SOUA RE 



'ONVENTION. 



la . 2-4 



/A Diam at 




orTCN usco IN 

DRAWING SMALL 



II .507 




%J.STAnUARD PIPE THREADS 



Siu of I O I 



of per 

Metol. incl->. 



4^^! /.7/2 



4;^ /.9fe2 



/alo.Aos 



'M \ O.SAO 



O. 675- 



■% / . 0^0 



\I.3I^ 




2./7fc 2-?{4. I 'uli.eeol . 1^0 



I 2.-426 I 2^fe li / '/z\l-900\ ./4<5- 



2.3X5- 



ISA i/z/zfrn 



Rocg H 


Fi>nisHed 




Rofc^g^^ 


Fioisned 


F' l&D*te" 


r=ifeD+yit> 




F= l&D*jfe 


F-l&D»ll* 


C- F'< 115 


C ' F- 1.15 




C - rJ" I.-4I 


C - F« 141 


TH- '/2 »" 


TH » ;t f^ 




Th . '/« F 


TH-'/£f^ 


TH.- D 


TH.-D-y/t 


1 DC TK. . D 


Th,«D-yit| 





I Necessafv 



D, I-, M 



LJI 



CONVENTIONAL THREADS 




TAPPED HOLES BOLTS IN PLACE 

-THPtEE N1ETHODS /^ z^) 



STUD CHECK LAG5CRE) 
B O LT N U T^ 



G>00 



S'lrtgle S<^. 



Fbr Lorg< 



For-Srrvull 



10 f-tir p; tn.^ e*c 




Doubla £^. 



r^ 



CAP OR TAP BOLTS 



CAP o" MACHINE SCREWS 





1 SCREWS 







Hexaqonal Heod Squorg Head 



Cheese Head Cot/nterAunK HgQd Po"^1^ 




Cvt? 
Roiot 



Cor->« 



Point 



Pivot 



Point 



I 



I I I t-^EV 



P- - ? 



REVERSlNe 




Foce (/n ■" 




f (D -© 




^^ SMALL 
SPUR SEARS 



Ofteo sKown 
diogramrrtatiaaHy 



^ SMALL 



BEVEL gears' 



yOften^hown tno-: 




llill 



/' SCToe+»-> 



7/ ^ 

/ /Pitch 



vyvYm K 




/ALVC , Coo'*=LlfMG 



DOUBLE RrVETED I 



VALVE SEAT 




Conven+iOK-yol Method] 



C >no /o -S 




■llfllaWlgiMgngB 



SBKE 



SOIBE 



lineet L_ 





I 







S.R 



Fig. 2 




lOM to t>e 



Qlor-ig AQ. Toi-o X.P. or-l AC Q •-^C^ SlP Or-\ ^O OOd 

_ . _;ac< all tinr-ce plooee. oi-'t f/at THe r-eeult-ing 
foca-hioo of +tne s^ i ev^s v^ i I I be as i»-i F'ig. 2. 





_:_ _:_••' 








b Ro.ntl in TV is Ve 


RTIC-^ULY ove»- p> 


omt 1 in F:V- 


C Point;! is on scarne 


HoRIEOWTAl. Liive 


'. in SVcrirfFV. 
/n TV. 

pta In the5Viev« 


e©e ' 


d Dit-Tooce 2,1 .r-jS.V - dietooce 2,1 


4 rolQ+ione a^e tr-(^e -fo 


r- all cor-r-esporvUii-K 



"7 THe o bov'o pi^incfples expply +0 Ti 

»; AToz-B «»cct//-«^e/y^ y-^e ' O RTHO&HAPHIC PROJECTIONS) otojecTE. by +)->« noe-t-t-iod o-f 0>^-r 

^ec^c^se :'-^e f-cij^^ r-nahe Hiat-i-r Ar^ert-ES wttH Theii- 

rG&p^ct'ivs planse~ op3QS= Ricihf +■ yoJ<<pe iv = to Dr-g w . § Note: F!V. off&tn call&cf F~t 



nTQl-ion o"f <a|| 



ORTHOeRAPHlC PROJECTION 



SJneet M. 



OCT 1 1904 



